9.1 Special characters

• \n indicates a line break. Any text after this character will be printed on a new line.
• \t indicates a tab or indent. Any text after this character will be indented.
• \ is an escape character and signals python that the text immediately after is a part of the string

Example:

COPYpython
1print('Hello \n\tworld. It\'s \n\n \t\ttime to wake \nup')

1Hello
2    world. It's
3
4         time to wake
5up

9.2 Concatenation

Pass several arguments separated by commas. A space will be added between each argument.

COPYpython
1h = 'Hello'
2w = 'world'
3print(h,w)

1Hello world

9.3 f-strings

Declaring a string: Preface a string with the letter f and place variable names inside curly brackets.

Example:

COPYpython
1item = 'PlayStation';
2price = 500;
3available = 'is not'
4
5feedback = f'The item {item} cost ${price} and {available} available.'
6print(feedback)

1The item PlayStation cost $500 and is not available.

Formatting numbers: use :.nf after a variable where n is the number of decimal places to display. Similarly, use :.n% to format percentages.

COPYpython
1feedback = f'The item {item} cost ${price:.2f} and {available} available.'
2print(feedback)

1The item PlayStation cost $500.00 and is not available.

Formatting strings:

Use :<n to format strings. < says left aligned and n fixes the number of spaces to print. Use > to right align.

COPYpython
1feedback = f'The item {item:<20} cost ${price:.2f} and {available} available.'
2print(feedback)
3feedback = f'The item {item:>20} cost ${price:.2f} and {available} available.'
4print(feedback)

1The item PlayStation          cost $500.00 and is not available.
2The item          PlayStation cost $500.00 and is not available.

9.4 end= argument

Specify what to print at the end of each call to print(). By default, end = '\n' causing each call to print to end with a new line.

Example: US phones numbers consist of a 3-digit area code, a 3-digit central office code, and a 4-digit subscriber code, and are usually formatted like 123-456-7890. Obtain this formatting by specifying end='-'.

COPYpython
1area = 123
2central_office = 456
3sub_code = 7890
4
5print('Client Phone Number')
6print(area,end='-')
7print(central_office, end='-')
8print(sub_code)

1Client Phone Number
2123-456-7890